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\u95ee\u9898\u770b\u4f3c\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a\u9ea6\u514b\u98ce\u6bcf\u79d2\u949f\u5c06\u6536\u96c6\u5927\u7ea644000\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u58f0\u6ce2\u632f\u5e45\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u503c\u3002\u800c\u8be5\u6d4b\u91cf\u503c\u4e0e\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u96be\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u8054\u3002\u90a3\u53c8\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee4\u5176\u8f93\u5165\u9ea6\u514b\u98ce\u91c7\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u97f3\u9891\u7247\u6bb5,\u8f93\u51fa\u662f\u5426{\u662f,\u5426}\uff08\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u7247\u6bb5\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u9884\u6d4b\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7f16\u5199\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6beb\u65e0\u5934\u7eea\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u9700\u8981\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/wake-word.svg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/wake-word.svg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.1.1<\/em> \u8bc6\u522b\u5524\u9192\u8bcd<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u600e\u6837\u660e\u786e\u5730\u544a\u8bc9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u8f93\u5165\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u5df1\u6267\u884c\u8ba4\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u7f16\u5199\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u201cAlexa\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u5b83\u3002 \u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6536\u96c6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u5927\u91cf\u97f3\u9891\u6837\u672c\u7684<em>\u6570\u636e\u96c6<\/em>\uff08dataset\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5305\u542b\u548c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u7684\u6837\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u6807\u8bb0\u3002 \u5229\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u660e\u786e\u5730\u201d\u8bc6\u522b\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u8f93\u51fa\u7531\u8bb8\u591a<em>\u53c2\u6570<\/em>\uff08parameter\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u6700\u4f73\u53c2\u6570\u96c6\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u6027\u80fd\u5ea6\u91cf\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u5230\u5e95\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u53c2\u6570\u5462\uff1f \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u65cb\u94ae\uff0c\u65cb\u94ae\u7684\u8f6c\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u6574\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u4efb\u4e00\u8c03\u6574\u53c2\u6570\u540e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u6a21\u578b<\/em>\uff08model\uff09\u3002 \u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u4f5c\u53c2\u6570\u800c\u751f\u6210\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u8f93\u5165-\u8f93\u51fa\u6620\u5c04\uff09\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6a21\u578b\u65cf\u201d\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u5143\u7a0b\u5e8f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5<\/em>\uff08learning algorithm\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a<em>\u8f93\u5165<\/em>\uff08input\uff09\u548c<em>\u8f93\u51fa<\/em>\uff08output\uff09\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u65cf\u3002 \u5728\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u6bb5\u97f3\u9891\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u662f\u6216\u5426\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u51fa\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5207\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u756a\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u7247\u6bb5\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u201d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u6bcf\u6b21\u542c\u5230\u201cAlexa\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u65f6\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u201c\u662f\u201d\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002 \u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u65cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u6a21\u578b\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u65cf\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u53ea\u5728\u542c\u5230\u201cHey Siri\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u65f6\u53d1\u51fa\u201c\u662f\u201d\u3002 \u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u65cf\u5e94\u8be5\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u201cAlexa\u201d\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u201cHey Siri\u201d\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5904\u7406\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u6216\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u4ece\u56fe\u50cf\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u5b57\u5e55\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u82f1\u8bed\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6309\u94ae\uff08\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff09\u90fd\u88ab\u968f\u673a\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u201cAlexa\u201d\u201cHey Siri\u201d\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u8bcd\u3002 \u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c<em>\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08learning\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bad\u7ec3\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u96c6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u6a21\u578b\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6570\u636e<em>\u8bad\u7ec3<\/em>\uff08train\uff09\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-ml-loop\">\u56fe1.1.2<\/a>\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u5982\u4e0b\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u57fa\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u6837\u672c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u97f3\u9891\u7247\u6bb5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u6216\u5426\u6807\u7b7e\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u8c03\u6574\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f7f\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6837\u672c\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u91cd\u590d\u7b2c\uff082\uff09\u6b65\u548c\u7b2c\uff083\uff09\u6b65\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/ml-loop.svg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/ml-loop.svg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.1.2<\/em> \u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u7f16\u5199\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u8bc6\u522b\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e26\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u5b83\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u8bc6\u522b\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c<em>\u7528\u6570\u636e\u7f16\u7a0b<\/em>\uff08programming with data\uff09\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5411\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bb8\u591a\u732b\u548c\u72d7\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u732b\u56fe\u68c0\u6d4b\u5668\u201d\u3002 \u68c0\u6d4b\u5668\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4f1a\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u732b\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u5c31\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u6b63\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u72d7\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u5c31\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u8d1f\u6570\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u68c0\u6d4b\u5668\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u4e2d\u662f\u732b\u8fd8\u662f\u72d7\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u96f6\u7684\u6570\u2026\u2026 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5e38\u89c1\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u51b0\u5c71\u4e00\u89d2\uff0c \u800c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u672c\u8282\u7a0d\u540e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>1.2. \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u4ef6<\/h2>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u7684<em>\u6570\u636e<\/em>\uff08data\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u8f6c\u6362\u6570\u636e\u7684<em>\u6a21\u578b<\/em>\uff08model\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u4e00\u4e2a<em>\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570<\/em>\uff08objective function\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u8c03\u6574\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570\u7684<em>\u7b97\u6cd5<\/em>\uff08algorithm\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>1.2.1. \u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<p>\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u6beb\u65e0\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a<em>\u6837\u672c<\/em>\uff08example, sample\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9075\u5faa\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u5206\u5e03(independently and identically distributed, i.i.d.)\u3002 \u6837\u672c\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u53eb\u505a<em>\u6570\u636e\u70b9<\/em>\uff08data point\uff09\u6216\u8005<em>\u6570\u636e\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/em>\uff08data instance\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u7279\u5f81<\/em>\uff08features\uff0c\u6216<em>\u534f\u53d8\u91cf<\/em>\uff08covariates\uff09\uff09\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\u3002 \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u6807\u7b7e<\/em>\uff08label\uff0c\u6216<em>\u76ee\u6807<\/em>\uff08target\uff09\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u5904\u7406\u56fe\u50cf\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5f20\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7167\u7247\u5373\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7531\u6bcf\u4e2a\u50cf\u7d20\u6570\u503c\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u5217\u8868\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c200\u00d7200\u5f69\u8272\u7167\u7247\u7531200\u00d7200\u00d73=120000\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u201c3\u201d\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7ea2\u3001\u7eff\u3001\u84dd\u901a\u9053\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002 \u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ec4\u533b\u7597\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u7ec4\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u5f81\u548c\u8bca\u65ad\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5c1d\u8bd5\u9884\u6d4b\u60a3\u8005\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7c7b\u522b\u6570\u91cf\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u957f\u5ea6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u7684<em>\u7ef4\u6570<\/em>\uff08dimensionality\uff09\u3002 \u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u5927\u91cf\u6837\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u201c\u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u201d\u7684\u5411\u91cf\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u4ee5\u56fe\u50cf\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u90e8\u6765\u81ea\u6807\u51c6\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u201d\u662f\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff1b \u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u56fe\u50cf\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6216\u5f62\u72b6\u3002 \u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u56fe\u50cf\u88c1\u526a\u6210\u6807\u51c6\u5c3a\u5bf8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u529e\u6cd5\u5f88\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u6709\u4e22\u5931\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u6570\u636e\u66f4\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u201c\u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u201d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u7b49\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u6570\u636e\u5f88\u7b80\u77ed\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u597d\u6781\u4e86\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5219\u957f\u7bc7\u5927\u8bba\u3002 \u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8d8a\u591a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u8d8a\u5bb9\u6613\u3002 \u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bad\u7ec3\u51fa\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u60f3\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002 \u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u7531\u5c0f\u53d8\u5927\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002 \u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u9eef\u7136\u5931\u8272\u3002 \u5c31\u7b97\u4e00\u4e9b\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u5c0f\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u80fd\u591f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u6d77\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e0d\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u4efb\u52a1\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6a21\u578b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6548\u3002 \u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u53e4\u8bed\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u201c\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u662f\u5783\u573e\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u5783\u573e\u3002\u201d\uff08\u201cGarbage in, garbage out.\u201d\uff09 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u80fd\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u52a0\u500d\u653e\u5927\u4e8b\u6001\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u3002 \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u654f\u611f\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u76d1\u7ba1\u3001\u7b80\u5386\u7b5b\u9009\u548c\u7528\u4e8e\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7279\u522b\u8b66\u60d5\u5783\u573e\u6570\u636e\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002 \u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u533b\u7597\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7fa4\u6ca1\u6709\u6837\u672c\u8868\u793a\u3002 \u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ae\u80a4\u764c\u8bc6\u522b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\uff08\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e2d\uff09\u4ece\u672a\u201c\u89c1\u8fc7\u201d\u9ed1\u8272\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5c31\u4f1a\u987f\u65f6\u675f\u624b\u65e0\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u62db\u8058\u51b3\u7b56\u6570\u636e\u201d\u6765\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b5b\u9009\u7b80\u5386\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u6b8b\u7559\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u5145\u5206\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u504f\u89c1\u65f6\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u504f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2.2. \u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n<p>\u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6444\u53d6\u7167\u7247\u5e76\u9884\u6d4b\u7b11\u8138\u201d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u6444\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u8bfb\u6570\u9884\u6d4b\u8bfb\u6570\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002 \u867d\u7136\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u5982\u4e0a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u7ecf\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6781\u9650\u3002 \u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u7531\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5c42\u5c42\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08deep learning\uff09\u3002 \u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u6df1\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u4e5f\u5c06\u63d0\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2.3. \u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e3a\u201c\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u81ea\u4e3b\u63d0\u9ad8\u6a21\u578b\u5b8c\u6210\u67d0\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u624d\u7b97\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u5462\uff1f \u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ea6\u91cf\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u201c\u53ef\u4f18\u5316\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<em>\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570<\/em>\uff08objective function\uff09\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u4f18\u5316\u5b83\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u70b9\u3002 \u56e0\u4e3a\u8d8a\u4f4e\u8d8a\u597d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570<\/em>\uff08loss function\uff0c\u6216cost function\uff09\u3002 \u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f18\u5316\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7ffb\u8f6c\u4e00\u4e0b\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4efb\u52a1\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u9884\u6d4b\u6570\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\u662f<em>\u5e73\u65b9\u8bef\u5dee<\/em>\uff08squared error\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u9884\u6d4b\u503c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u503c\u4e4b\u5dee\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u3002 \u5f53\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u9519\u8bef\u7387\uff0c\u5373\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u7b26\u7684\u6837\u672c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002 \u6709\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5982\u5e73\u65b9\u8bef\u5dee\uff09\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u5982\u9519\u8bef\u7387\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u5fae\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u590d\u6742\u6027\u96be\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f18\u5316\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f18\u5316<em>\u66ff\u4ee3\u76ee\u6807<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u3002 \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u603b\u635f\u5931\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u503c\u3002 \u8be5\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7531\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3a\u8bad\u7ec3\u800c\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u6837\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6<\/em>\uff08training dataset\uff0c\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6<\/em>\uff08training set\uff09\uff09\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5728\u201c\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u201d\u4e0a\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u201d\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u96c6<\/em>\uff08test dataset\uff0c\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u96c6<\/em>\uff08test set\uff09\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6210\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7528\u4e8e\u62df\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30\u62df\u5408\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002 \u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u6570\u201d\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6570\u7528\u6765\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u505a\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6210\u7ee9\u4ee4\u4eba\u9f13\u821e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u6210\u529f\u3002 \u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6027\u80fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u663e\u8457\u504f\u79bb\u8bad\u7ec3\u6027\u80fd\u3002 \u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u6d4b\u8bd5\u96c6\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u8fc7\u62df\u5408<\/em>\uff08overfitting\uff09\u7684\u3002 \u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6a21\u62df\u8003\u8bd5\u8003\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u767e\u53d1\u767e\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2.4. \u4f18\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<p>\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u53ca\u5176\u8868\u793a\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u641c\u7d22\u51fa\u6700\u4f73\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\u3002 \u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5\u2013<em>\u68af\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d<\/em>\uff08gradient descent\uff09\u3002 \u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u68af\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\u6cd5\u90fd\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u5bf9\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u5c11\u91cf\u53d8\u52a8\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6\u635f\u5931\u4f1a\u671d\u54ea\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u3002 \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u635f\u5931\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u4f18\u5316\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>1.3. \u5404\u79cd\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u95ee\u9898\u53ea\u662f\u51b0\u5c71\u4e00\u89d2\u3002 \u524d\u9762\u5524\u9192\u8bcd\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002 \u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u540e\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u505a\u94fa\u57ab\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u6570\u636e\u3001\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.3.1. \u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60<\/h3>\n<p><em>\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08supervised learning\uff09\u64c5\u957f\u5728\u201c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9884\u6d4b\u6807\u7b7e\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e2a\u201c\u7279\u5f81-\u6807\u7b7e\u201d\u5bf9\u90fd\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<em>\u6837\u672c<\/em>\uff08example\uff09\u3002 \u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6807\u7b7e\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u6837\u672c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u4ee3\u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u6807\u7b7e\uff08\u5373\u9884\u6d4b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a \u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u53d1\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u201c\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u53d1\u4f5c\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u4f5c\u201d\u5c06\u662f\u6837\u672c\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002 \u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u7387\u3001\u8212\u5f20\u538b\u548c\u6536\u7f29\u538b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u90fd\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002 \u7528\u6982\u7387\u8bba\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u9884\u6d4b\u201c\u4f30\u8ba1\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u201d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u6982\u7387\u3002 \u867d\u7136\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u53ea\u662f\u51e0\u5927\u7c7b\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5e94\u7528\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u7ec4\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6570\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u672a\u77e5\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6839\u636e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65ad\u5c42\u626b\u63cf\uff08Computed Tomography\uff0cCT\uff09\u80bf\u7624\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u764c\u75c7\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u8bed\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u6839\u636e\u672c\u6708\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u62a5\u544a\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0b\u4e2a\u6708\u80a1\u7968\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff1b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4ece\u5df2\u77e5\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u6837\u672c\u4e2d\u968f\u673a\u9009\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u83b7\u53d6\u771f\u5b9e\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6837\u672c\u5df2\u6709\u6807\u7b7e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u5e74\u5185\u5eb7\u590d\uff1f\uff09\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6837\u672c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u4eba\u5de5\u6807\u8bb0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56fe\u50cf\u5206\u7c7b\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u4e00\u8d77\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u9009\u62e9\u6709\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5c06\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684\u6837\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u653e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5e94\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u6574\u4e2a\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-supervised-learning\">\u56fe1.3.1<\/a> \u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/supervised-learning.svg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/supervised-learning.svg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.1<\/em> \u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60<\/p>\n<p>\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f7f\u7528\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u5904\u7406\u201c\u4efb\u610f\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u201d\u6216\u201c\u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3.1.1. \u56de\u5f52<\/h4>\n<p><em>\u56de\u5f52<\/em>\uff08regression\uff09\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u623f\u5c4b\u9500\u552e\u6570\u636e\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u884c\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6bcf\u5217\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u9762\u79ef\u3001\u5367\u5ba4\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u6d74\u5ba4\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5230\u9547\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6b65\u884c\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 \u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u5b50\u6837\u672c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u6216\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u3001\u8c37\u6b4c\u3001\u5fae\u8f6f\u6216Facebook\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u5bb6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf\uff08\u623f\u5c4b\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u5367\u5ba4\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6d74\u5ba4\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6b65\u884c\u8ddd\u79bb\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\uff1a[600,1,1,60]\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u5339\u5179\u5821\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1[3000,4,3,10]\u2026\u2026 \u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u623f\u5b50\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e00\u680b\u623f\u5b50\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u503c\u3002 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u5462\uff1f\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u8f93\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002 \u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\uff08\u5373\u6807\u7b7e\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u3002 \u5f53\u6807\u7b7e\u53d6\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<em>\u56de\u5f52<\/em>\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u5b9e\u9645\u6807\u7b7e\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u7528\u6237\u5bf9\u4e00\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u63d2\u66f2\uff1a\u57282009\u5e74\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u68d2\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u9884\u6d4b\u7535\u5f71\u8bc4\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d62\u5f97<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netflix_Prize\">100\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5948\u98de\u5956<\/a>\u3002 \u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u75c5\u4eba\u5728\u533b\u9662\u7684\u4f4f\u9662\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u5173\u201c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u624b\u672f\u9700\u8981\u591a\u5c11\u5c0f\u65f6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5728\u672a\u67656\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9547\u4f1a\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u4f60\u4ee5\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u95f4\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u8ba9\u4eba\u4fee\u7406\u4e86\u6392\u6c34\u7ba1\uff0c\u627f\u5305\u5546\u82b1\u4e863\u5c0f\u65f6\u6e05\u9664\u6c61\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\u4e2d\u7684\u6c61\u7269\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4f60\u4e00\u5f20350\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u8d26\u5355\u3002 \u800c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u96c7\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u627f\u5305\u55462\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6536\u5230\u4e86250\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u8d26\u5355\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u8bf7\u4f60\u4f30\u7b97\u6e05\u7406\u6c61\u7269\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u8bbe\u627f\u5305\u5546\u6536\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6309\u5c0f\u65f6\u6536\u8d39\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u627f\u5305\u5546\u7684\u5b9a\u4ef7\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a50\u7f8e\u5143\u4e0a\u95e8\u670d\u52a1\u8d39\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6100\u7f8e\u5143\u3002 \u5728\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u95f4\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u4e86\u7ebf\u6027\u56de\u5f52\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5b66\u4e60\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u201c\u9884\u6d4b\u503c\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u6807\u7b7e\u503c\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7ae0\u8282\u5c06\u5173\u6ce8\u5e73\u65b9\u8bef\u5dee\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3.1.2. \u5206\u7c7b<\/h4>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u201c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u5176\u79fb\u52a8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u652f\u7968\u626b\u63cf\u529f\u80fd\u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b3e\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u52a8\u7406\u89e3\u4ece\u56fe\u50cf\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u624b\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53eb\u505a<em>\u5206\u7c7b<\/em>\uff08classification\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <em>\u5206\u7c7b<\/em>\u95ee\u9898\u5e0c\u671b\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u591f\u9884\u6d4b\u6837\u672c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e2a<em>\u7c7b\u522b<\/em>\uff08category\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u7c7b<\/em>\uff08class\uff09\uff09\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u624b\u5199\u6570\u5b57\u53ef\u80fd\u670910\u7c7b\uff0c\u6807\u7b7e\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6570\u5b570\uff5e9\u3002 \u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<em>\u4e8c\u9879\u5206\u7c7b<\/em>\uff08binomial classification\uff09\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u52a8\u7269\u56fe\u50cf\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6807\u7b7e\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u732b\u72d7{\u732b,\u72d7}\u4e24\u7c7b\u3002 \u56de\u5f52\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5f52\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\uff1b \u5206\u7c7b\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\u6765\u8f93\u51fa\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\u6a21\u578b\u600e\u4e48\u5224\u65ad\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u662f\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\u7684\u786c\u5206\u7c7b\u9884\u6d4b\u5462\uff1f \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bd5\u7740\u7528\u6982\u7387\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7c7b\u5206\u914d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u7387\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u732b\u72d7\u5206\u7c7b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8f93\u51fa\u56fe\u50cf\u662f\u732b\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e3a0.9\u3002 0.9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u8fbe\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u5462\uff1f \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u5206\u7c7b\u566890%\u786e\u5b9a\u56fe\u50cf\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u732b\u3002 \u9884\u6d4b\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u6982\u7387\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u540e\u9762\u7ae0\u8282\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u591a\u9879\u5206\u7c7b<\/em>\uff08multiclass classification\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u624b\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\u8bc6\u522b {0,1,2,...9,a,b,c,...}\u3002 \u4e0e\u89e3\u51b3\u56de\u5f52\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u4ea4\u53c9\u71b5<\/em>\uff08cross-entropy\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u4e66 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_linear-networks\/softmax-regression.html#sec-softmax\">3.4\u8282<\/a> \u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u4e8e\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u540e\u9662\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-death-cap\">\u56fe1.3.2<\/a> \u6240\u793a\u7684\u8611\u83c7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/_images\/death-cap.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/death-cap.jpg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/death-cap.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.2<\/em> \u6b7b\u5e3d\u8548\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u5403\uff01\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd2\u8611\u83c7\u68c0\u6d4b\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7167\u7247\u9884\u6d4b\u8611\u83c7\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6bd2\u3002 \u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\u8f93\u51fa <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-death-cap\">\u56fe1.3.2<\/a> \u5305\u542b\u6b7b\u5e3d\u8548\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662f0.2\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5206\u7c7b\u566880%\u786e\u5b9a\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u8611\u83c7\u4e0d\u662f\u6b7b\u5e3d\u8548\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5403\u5b83\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u519220%\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u98ce\u9669\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u6536\u76ca\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u201c\u9884\u671f\u98ce\u9669\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5373\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e58\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff08\u6216\u4f24\u5bb3\uff09\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u98df\u7528\u8611\u83c7\u9020\u6210\u7684\u635f\u5931\u4e3a0.2\u00d7\u221e+0.8\u00d70=\u221e\uff0c\u800c\u4e22\u5f03\u8611\u83c7\u7684\u635f\u5931\u4e3a0.2\u00d70+0.8\u00d71=0.8\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8c28\u614e\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-death-cap\">\u56fe1.3.2<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u8611\u83c7\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b7b\u5e3d\u8548\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u6bd4\u4e8c\u9879\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u591a\u9879\u5206\u7c7b\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u7c7b\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u53d8\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u5047\u5b9a\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u90fd\u662f\u5747\u7b49\u7684\u3002 \u4eba\u4eec\u5b81\u613f\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5206\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5206\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u7c7b<\/em>(hierarchical classification)\u3002 \u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\">\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u6797\u5948<\/a>\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u53ea\u72ee\u5b50\u72d7\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96ea\u7eb3\u745e\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u592a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u3002 \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u72ee\u5b50\u72d7\u4e0e\u6050\u9f99\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u5c31\u6ed1\u7a3d\u81f3\u6781\u4e86\u3002 \u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8ba1\u5212\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u54cd\u5c3e\u86c7\u548c\u4e4c\u68a2\u86c7\u8840\u7f18\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u628a\u54cd\u5c3e\u86c7\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e4c\u68a2\u86c7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u662f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u3002 \u56e0\u4e3a\u54cd\u5c3e\u86c7\u662f\u6709\u6bd2\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e4c\u68a2\u86c7\u662f\u65e0\u6bd2\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3.1.3. \u6807\u8bb0\u95ee\u9898<\/h4>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u4e8c\u9879\u5206\u7c7b\u6216\u591a\u9879\u5206\u7c7b\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u4e8c\u9879\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\u6765\u533a\u5206\u732b\u548c\u72d7\u3002 \u8fd0\u7528\u6700\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89c6\u89c9\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u591a\u7cbe\u786e\uff0c\u5f53\u5206\u7c7b\u5668\u9047\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u675f\u624b\u65e0\u7b56\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-stackedanimals\">\u56fe1.3.3<\/a>\u6240\u793a\u7684\u8fd9\u5f20\u201c\u4e0d\u6765\u6885\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u56fe\u50cf \uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ae5\u8bdd\u6545\u4e8b\uff09\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u732b\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u516c\u9e21\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u72d7\u3001\u4e00\u5934\u9a74\uff0c\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6811\u3002 \u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u60f3\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e8c\u9879\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u3002 \u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u8ba9\u6a21\u578b\u63cf\u7ed8\u8f93\u5165\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u732b\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u516c\u9e21\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u72d7\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5934\u9a74\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/_images\/stackedanimals.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/stackedanimals.png\" alt=\"..\/_images\/stackedanimals.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.3<\/em> \u4e00\u53ea\u732b\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u516c\u9e21\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u72d7\u3001\u4e00\u5934\u9a74<\/p>\n<p>\u5b66\u4e60\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u591a\u6807\u7b7e\u5206\u7c7b<\/em>\uff08multi-label classification\uff09\u3002 \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u6280\u672f\u535a\u5ba2\u4e0a\u8d34\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u201c\u6280\u672f\u201d\u201c\u5c0f\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u201c\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u201cLinux\u201d\u201c\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u201d\u201cAWS\u201d\u3002 \u4e00\u7bc7\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u75285\uff5e10\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u201d\u7684\u5e16\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u5230\u201cAWS\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u7684\u5e16\u5b50\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6807\u8bb0\u6587\u732e\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u6587\u732e\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002 \u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u533b\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff08The United States National Library of Medicine\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u5458\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u6bcf\u4e00\u7bc7\u5728PubMed\u4e2d\u88ab\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c06\u5176\u4e0eMesh\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u672f\u8bed\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff08Mesh\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7ea6\u670928000\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u8017\u65f6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6ce8\u91ca\u5668\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5f52\u6863\u548c\u6807\u8bb0\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e34\u65f6\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6bcf\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5ba1\u6838\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u6765\uff0cBioASQ\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df2\u7ecf<a href=\"http:\/\/bioasq.org\/\">\u4e3e\u529e\u6bd4\u8d5b<\/a>\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3.1.4. \u641c\u7d22<\/h4>\n<p>\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5e0c\u671b\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u503c\u3002 \u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u68c0\u7d22\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u4e00\u7ec4\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u4ee5\u7f51\u7edc\u641c\u7d22\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u201c\u67e5\u8be2\uff08query\uff09-\u7f51\u9875\uff08page\uff09\u201d\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6d77\u91cf\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u7528\u6237\u6700\u9700\u8981\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5b50\u96c6\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u8f93\u51fa\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u524d5\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u201cA\u3001B\u3001C\u3001D\u3001E\u201d\u548c\u201cC\u3001A\u3001B\u3001E\u3001D\u201d\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002 \u5373\u4f7f\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u96c6\u5185\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6709\u65f6\u5374\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5206\u914d\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u68c0\u7d22\u8bc4\u7ea7\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PageRank\">PageRank<\/a>\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4c\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\u80cc\u540e\u6700\u521d\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6b66\u5668\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc4\u5206\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u5947\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6839\u636ePageRank\u5bf9\u5305\u542b\u67e5\u8be2\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002 \u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7528\u6237\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e5f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3.1.5. \u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h4>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e0e\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u6392\u540d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f<em>\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf<\/em>\uff08recommender system\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5411\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u201d\u63a8\u8350\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7535\u5f71\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u79d1\u5e7b\u8ff7\u548c\u559c\u5267\u7231\u597d\u8005\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u7ed3\u679c\u9875\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 \u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e5f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u96f6\u552e\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u63a8\u8350\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u5ba2\u6237\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u660e\u786e\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u559c\u7231\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u8bc4\u7ea7\u548c\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002 \u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5ba2\u6237\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u9690\u6027\u53cd\u9988\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u7528\u6237\u8df3\u8fc7\u64ad\u653e\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b4c\u66f2\u5bf9\u6b64\u7528\u6237\u4e0d\u5927\u5408\u9002\u3002 \u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u4e3a\u201c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7269\u54c1\u201d\u7684\u5339\u914d\u6027\u6253\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5206\u6570\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u8bc4\u7ea7\u6216\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002 \u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u7d22\u5f97\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u96c6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u63a8\u8350\u7ed9\u7528\u6237\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u8981\u5148\u8fdb\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u7528\u6237\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u7279\u5f81\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5185\u3002 \u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6355\u6349\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u504f\u597d\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-deeplearning-amazon\">\u56fe1.3.4<\/a> \u662f\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u6355\u6349\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u559c\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/deeplearning-amazon.jpg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/deeplearning-amazon.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.4<\/em> \u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e66\u7c4d<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u5355\u7eaf\u7528\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u9677\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u201c\u5ba1\u67e5\u540e\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u201d\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u89c9\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6253\u5206\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e94\u5206\u5236\u7535\u5f71\u8bc4\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e94\u661f\u7ea7\u548c\u4e00\u661f\u7ea7\u8bc4\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4e09\u661f\u7ea7\u5374\u660e\u663e\u5f88\u5c11\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\uff1a\u63a8\u8350\u7cfb\u7edf\u9996\u5148\u4f1a\u4f18\u5148\u63a8\u9001\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2d\u4e70\u91cf\u8f83\u5927\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u66f4\u597d\uff09\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u76ee\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e60\u60ef\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u9075\u5faa\u63a8\u8350\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u66f4\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u88ab\u63a8\u8350\u3002 \u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u548c\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3.1.6. \u5e8f\u5217\u5b66\u4e60<\/h4>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u4ea7\u751f\u56fa\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u9884\u6d4b\u623f\u4ef7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4ece\u4e00\u7ec4\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u623f\u5c4b\u9762\u79ef\u3001\u5367\u5ba4\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u6d74\u5ba4\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u6b65\u884c\u5230\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b \u56fe\u50cf\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u5219\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\uff08\u6709\u5173\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\uff09\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6982\u7387\uff1b \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u53ea\u4f1a\u5c06\u8f93\u5165\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u539f\u6599\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u201c\u8bb0\u4f4f\u201d\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6837\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u65e0\u7f3a\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d\u529f\u80fd\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u89c6\u9891\u7247\u6bb5\u5462\uff1f \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u89c6\u9891\u7247\u6bb5\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5e27\u7ec4\u6210\u3002 \u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u4e00\u5e27\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u540e\u4e00\u5e27\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u66f4\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u3002 \u8bed\u8a00\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u90fd\u4e3a\u6587\u5b57\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u4e0a\u5e8f\u5217\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u5c31\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u76d1\u63a7\u91cd\u75c7\u76d1\u62a4\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u672a\u676524\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u8d85\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u8b66\u62a5\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u7edd\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u629b\u5f03\u8fc7\u53bb\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6\u6709\u5173\u75c5\u4eba\u75c5\u53f2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u505a\u51fa\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5e8f\u5217\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u662f\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u5e8f\u5217\u5b66\u4e60\u9700\u8981\u6444\u53d6\u8f93\u5165\u5e8f\u5217\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u8f93\u51fa\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u517c\u800c\u6709\u4e4b\u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u4ece\u8bed\u97f3\u4e2d\u8f6c\u5f55\u6587\u672c\u3002 \u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6807\u8bb0\u548c\u89e3\u6790<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7528\u5c5e\u6027\u6ce8\u91ca\u6587\u672c\u5e8f\u5217\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u52a8\u8bcd\u548c\u4e3b\u8bed\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e9b\u5355\u8bcd\u662f\u547d\u540d\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002 \u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5047\u8bbe\u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u89e3\u548c\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002 \u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u6bd4\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u3002 \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6807\u8bb0\u201d\u6765\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u8be5\u6807\u8bb0\u6307\u793a\u54ea\u4e9b\u5355\u8bcd\u5f15\u7528\u547d\u540d\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002 \u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u201cEnt\u201d\uff0c\u662f<em>\u5b9e\u4f53<\/em>\uff08entity\uff09\u7684\u7b80\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code>Tom has dinner in Washington with Sally\nEnt  -    -    -     Ent      -    Ent<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u81ea\u52a8\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u5e8f\u5217\u662f\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u7684\u5f55\u97f3\uff08\u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-speech\">\u56fe1.3.5<\/a> \u6240\u793a\uff09\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u5e8f\u5217\u662f\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e0e\u6587\u672c\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u97f3\u9891\u5e27\u591a\u5f97\u591a\uff08\u58f0\u97f3\u901a\u5e38\u4ee58kHz\u621616kHz\u91c7\u6837\uff09\u3002 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u97f3\u9891\u548c\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u67091:1\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6570\u5343\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u5e8f\u5217\u5230\u5e8f\u5217\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8f93\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f93\u5165\u77ed\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/_images\/speech.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/speech.png\" alt=\"..\/_images\/speech.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.5<\/em> <code>-D-e-e-p- L-ea-r-ni-ng-<\/code> \u5728\u5f55\u97f3\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6587\u672c\u5230\u8bed\u97f3<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u81ea\u52a8\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b\u76f8\u53cd\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u662f\u97f3\u9891\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f93\u5165\u957f\u5f97\u591a\u3002 \u867d\u7136\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8bc6\u5224\u65ad\u53d1\u97f3\u522b\u626d\u7684\u97f3\u9891\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u8bf4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/strong>\u3002 \u5728\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u987a\u5e8f\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u800c\u5728\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e2d\uff0c\u98a0\u5012\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002 \u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5e94\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5927\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f8\u540c\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50\u201d\u53cd\u5e94\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u628a\u52a8\u8bcd\u653e\u5728\u53e5\u5c3e\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code>\u5fb7\u8bed:           Haben Sie sich schon dieses grossartige Lehrwerk angeschaut?\n\u82f1\u8bed:          Did you already check out this excellent tutorial?\n\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5bf9\u9f50:  Did you yourself already this excellent tutorial looked-at?<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\u4e5f\u6709\u5e8f\u5217\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u201c\u7528\u6237\u9605\u8bfb\u7f51\u9875\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u201d\u662f\u4e8c\u7ef4\u5e03\u5c40\u5206\u6790\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u95ee\u9898\u5bf9\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5386\u53f2\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u2026\u2026 \u5982\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u70ed\u95e8\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.3.2. \u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60<\/h3>\n<p>\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u4e0e\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5373\u9700\u8981\u5411\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5de8\u5927\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u5305\u542b\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u6807\u7b7e\u503c\u3002 \u6253\u8da3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u6a21\u578b\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6253\u5de5\u4ed4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u6781\u5176\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6781\u5176\u5e73\u5eb8\u7684\u8001\u677f\u3002 \u8001\u677f\u7ad9\u5728\u8eab\u540e\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u544a\u8bc9\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u6bcf\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6a21\u578b\u5b66\u4f1a\u4ece\u60c5\u51b5\u5230\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002 \u53d6\u60a6\u8fd9\u4f4d\u8001\u677f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5c3d\u5feb\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u6a21\u4eff\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ca1\u6709\u5341\u5206\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u201c\u81ea\u53d1\u201d\u5730\u53bb\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8001\u677f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5927\u5806\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u5b83\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u3002 \u8fd9\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u4e0d\u542b\u6709\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u4e3a<em>\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08unsupervised learning\uff09\uff0c \u672c\u4e66\u540e\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u6280\u672f\u3002 \u90a3\u4e48\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5462\uff1f\u6765\u770b\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u805a\u7c7b<\/em>\uff08clustering\uff09\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u7ed9\u6570\u636e\u5206\u7c7b\u5462\uff1f\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u7ec4\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u6210\u98ce\u666f\u7167\u7247\u3001\u72d7\u3001\u5a74\u513f\u3001\u732b\u548c\u5c71\u5cf0\u7684\u7167\u7247\u5417\uff1f\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u7ec4\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u6d4f\u89c8\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7528\u6237\u805a\u7c7b\u5462\uff1f<\/li>\n<li><em>\u4e3b\u6210\u5206\u5206\u6790<\/em>\uff08principal component analysis\uff09\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u627e\u5230\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6765\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u6355\u6349\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u76f8\u5173\u5c5e\u6027\uff1f\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7403\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u8f68\u8ff9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7403\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u76f4\u5f84\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u88c1\u7f1d\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u5f53\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u8863\u670d\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u5728\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\uff08\u4efb\u610f\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\uff09\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u7b26\u53f7\u5c5e\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5339\u914d?\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u7f57\u9a6c\u201d \u2212 \u201c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u201d + \u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u201d = \u201c\u5df4\u9ece\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><em>\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/em>\uff08causality\uff09\u548c<em>\u6982\u7387\u56fe\u6a21\u578b<\/em>\uff08probabilistic graphical models\uff09\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u63cf\u8ff0\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u623f\u4ef7\u3001\u6c61\u67d3\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f<\/li>\n<li><em>\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u6297\u6027\u7f51\u7edc<\/em>\uff08generative adversarial networks\uff09\uff1a\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u6210\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u50cf\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u97f3\u9891\u8fd9\u6837\u590d\u6742\u7684\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u673a\u5236\u662f\u68c0\u67e5\u771f\u5b9e\u548c\u865a\u5047\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.3.3. \u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e92\u52a8<\/h3>\n<p>\u6709\u4eba\u4e00\u76f4\u5fc3\u5b58\u7591\u8651\uff1a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u6570\u636e\uff09\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u53c8\u5c06\u53bb\u5f80\u4f55\u65b9\uff1f \u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u4f1a\u9884\u5148\u83b7\u53d6\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u542f\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u65ad\u5f00\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u79bb\u7ebf\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08offline learning\uff09\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-data-collection\">\u56fe1.3.6<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/data-collection.svg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/data-collection.svg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.6<\/em> \u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e3a\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u79bb\u7ebf\u5b66\u4e60\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u9b45\u529b\u3002 \u597d\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b64\u7acb\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5206\u5fc3\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4f46\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\u3002 \u8fd9\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u73af\u5883\u4e92\u52a8\u3002 \u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u201c\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u73af\u5883\u4e92\u52a8\u201d\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u73af\u5883\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u4ee3\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u201c\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u73af\u5883\u4e92\u52a8\u201d\u5c06\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u65b0\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u53ea\u662f\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u73af\u5883\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u505a\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u5417\uff1f<\/li>\n<li>\u73af\u5883\u662f\u5426\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u6a21\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u8bfb\u5165\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u73af\u5883\u662f\u5426\u60f3\u8981\u6253\u8d25\u6a21\u578b\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u6297\u6027\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u5982\u5783\u573e\u90ae\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6216\u73a9\u6e38\u620f\uff1f<\/li>\n<li>\u73af\u5883\u662f\u5426\u91cd\u8981\uff1f<\/li>\n<li>\u73af\u5883\u662f\u5426\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5426\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u53d8\u5316\u8fd8\u662f\u54cd\u5e94\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5de5\u5177\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5f53\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<em>\u5206\u5e03\u504f\u79fb<\/em>\uff08distribution shift\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u7b80\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7c7b\u660e\u786e\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.3.4. \u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5f00\u53d1\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u4e92\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e<em>\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08reinforcement learning\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f00\u53d1\u89c6\u9891\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff08AI\uff09\u3002 <em>\u6df1\u5ea6\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60<\/em>\uff08deep reinforcement learning\uff09\u5c06\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u70ed\u95e8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002 \u7a81\u7834\u6027\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6<em>Q\u7f51\u7edc<\/em>\uff08Q-network\uff09\u5728\u96c5\u8fbe\u5229\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u89c6\u89c9\u8f93\u5165\u5c31\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c \u4ee5\u53ca AlphaGo \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u68cb\u76d8\u6e38\u620f\u56f4\u68cb\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u51a0\u519b\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\uff08agent\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e0a\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002 \u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u4e9b<em>\u89c2\u5bdf<\/em>\uff08observation\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a<em>\u52a8\u4f5c<\/em>\uff08action\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u673a\u5236\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u79f0\u4e3a\u6267\u884c\u5668\uff09\u5c06\u5176\u4f20\u8f93\u56de\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97<em>\u5956\u52b1<\/em>\uff08reward\uff09\u3002 \u6b64\u540e\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u63a5\u6536\u540e\u7eed\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u540e\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002 \u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-rl-environment\">\u56fe1.3.7<\/a> \u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u3002 \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684<em>\u7b56\u7565<\/em>\uff08policy\uff09\u3002 \u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u201c\u52a8\u4f5c\u201d\u53d7\u7b56\u7565\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u89c2\u5bdf\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/rl-environment.svg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/rl-environment.svg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.3.7<\/em> \u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/p>\n<p>\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u901a\u7528\u6027\u5341\u5206\u5f3a\u5927\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u52a8\u4f5c\u201d\u3002 \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u8be5\u73af\u5883\u7ed9\u4e88\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5956\u52b1\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u635f\u5931\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8bb8\u591a\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u8f93\u5165\u4e0e\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002 \u4f46\u5728\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5047\u8bbe\u73af\u5883\u544a\u8bc9\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u53ea\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5956\u52b1\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5956\u52b1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002 \u552f\u4e00\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u4fe1\u53f7\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff1a\u5f53\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u83b7\u80dc\u65f6\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5956\u52b11\uff1b\u5f53\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u5c06\u5f97\u5230\u5956\u52b1-1\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406<em>\u5b66\u5206\u5206\u914d<\/em>\uff08credit assignment\uff09\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u5956\u52b1\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u9700\u8981\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u3002 \u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5458\u5de5\u5347\u804c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5347\u804c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002 \u8981\u60f3\u5728\u672a\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u664b\u5347\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u664b\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u9610\u8ff0\u6709\u5173\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 \u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6d01\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u56f0\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u58c1\u6a71\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u91cc\u3002 \u63a8\u65ad\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u4ece\u800c\u63a8\u65ad\u5176\u72b6\u6001\uff09\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u58c1\u6a71\u4e4b\u524d\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4ece\u672a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fc7\u7684\u3002 \u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u5229\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u65b0\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u653e\u5f03\u4e00\u4e9b\u77ed\u671f\u56de\u62a5\u6765\u6362\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u800c\u5956\u52b1\u53ea\u4e0e\u6240\u9009\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002 \u73af\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684,\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8981\u6c42\u592a\u9ad8\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u65f6\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/em>\uff08markov decision process\uff09\u3002 \u5f53\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a<em>\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u8d4c\u535a\u673a<\/em>\uff08contextual bandit problem\uff09\u3002 \u5f53\u6ca1\u6709\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u6700\u521d\u672a\u77e5\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u52a8\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684<em>\u591a\u81c2\u8d4c\u535a\u673a<\/em>\uff08multi-armed bandit problem\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>1.4. \u8d77\u6e90<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002 \u867d\u7136\u8bb8\u591a\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u4ee5<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JacobuBernoulli\">\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u2022\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\uff081654-1705\uff09<\/a>\u547d\u540d\u7684\u3002 \u800c\u9ad8\u65af\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u7531<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss\">\u5361\u5c14\u2022\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u2022\u9ad8\u65af\uff081777-1855\uff09<\/a>\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c \u4ed6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6700\u5c0f\u5747\u65b9\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u4ece\u4fdd\u9669\u8ba1\u7b97\u5230\u533b\u7597\u8bca\u65ad\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u7b97\u6cd5\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7535\u963b\u4e2d\u7535\u6d41\u548c\u7535\u538b\u7684\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9<em>\u4f30\u8ba1<\/em>\uff08estimation\uff09\u4e5f\u6709\u654f\u9510\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.maa.org\/press\/periodicals\/convergence\/mathematical-treasures-jacob-kobels-geometry\">\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u00b7\u514b\u8d1d\u5c14 (1460\u20131533)<\/a>\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e73\u574716\u540d\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u6027\u7684\u811a\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u82f1\u5c3a\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/_images\/koebel.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lemon-guess.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com\/img\/koebel.jpg\" alt=\"..\/_images\/koebel.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe1.4.1<\/em> \u4f30\u8ba1\u4e00\u82f1\u5c3a\u7684\u957f\u5ea6<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#fig-koebel\">\u56fe1.4.1<\/a> \u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f30\u8ba1\u5668\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u3002 16\u540d\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u811a\u8fde\u811a\u6392\u6210\u4e00\u884c\u3002 \u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u9664\u4ee516\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u7b49\u4e8e1\u82f1\u5c3a\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u6539\u8fdb\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u811a\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u77ed\u548c\u6700\u957f\u811a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u9001\u8d70\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u4eba\u53d6\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4fee\u526a\u5747\u503c\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u6027\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u817e\u98de\u3002 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_-Fisher\">\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\uff081890-1962\uff09<\/a>\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5728\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u5982\u7ebf\u6027\u5224\u522b\u5206\u6790\uff09\u548c\u516c\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\u4fe1\u606f\u77e9\u9635\uff09\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u88ab\u9891\u7e41\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\u57281936\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u9e22\u5c3e\u82b1\u5349\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u8bfb\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002 \u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u4f18\u751f\u5b66\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u5b58\u7591\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u60a0\u8fdc\u800c\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u6765\u81ea<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Shannon\">\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9999\u519c(1916\u20132001)<\/a>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Turing\">\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u56fe\u7075\uff081912-1954\uff09<\/a>\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u56fe\u7075\u5728\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5668\u4e0e\u667a\u80fd\u300b (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id171\">Turing, 1950<\/a>) \u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u673a\u5668\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u5417\uff1f\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bc4\u4f30\u8005\u5f88\u96be\u6839\u636e\u6587\u672c\u4e92\u52a8\u533a\u5206\u673a\u5668\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u673a\u5668\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002 \u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_O._Hebb\">\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d6b\u5e03 (1904\u20131985)<\/a>\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id62\">Hebb and Hebb, 1949<\/a>) \u3002 \u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u901a\u8fc7\u79ef\u6781\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u662fRosenblatt\u611f\u77e5\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d6b\u5e03\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5f53\u4eca\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u968f\u673a\u68af\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\u7b97\u6cd5\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u5f3a\u5316\u671f\u671b\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u826f\u597d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc<\/em>\uff08neural networks\uff09\u7684\u5f97\u540d\u6e90\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u7075\u611f\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff08\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301873\u5e74\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u8d1d\u6069\u548c1890\u5e74\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u8c22\u6797\u987f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff09\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e00\u76f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ec4\u88c5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7535\u8def\u3002 \u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u80a4\u6d45\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ebf\u6027\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\u7684\u4ea4\u66ff\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u5c42<\/em>\uff08layers\uff09\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u94fe\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a<em>\u53cd\u5411\u4f20\u64ad<\/em>\uff08backpropagation\uff09\uff09\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u8c03\u6574\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ece1995\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5f00\u59cb\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u76f4\u52302005\u5e74\u624d\u7a0d\u6709\u8d77\u8272\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u6602\u8d35\u3002 \u5728\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u968f\u673a\u5b58\u53d6\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff08RAM\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u5374\u5f88\u5f31\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d39\u820d\u5c141932\u5e74\u7684\u9e22\u5c3e\u82b1\u5349\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7b97\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c \u800cMNIST\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u768460000\u4e2a\u624b\u5199\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u3002 \u8003\u8651\u5230\u6570\u636e\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027\uff0c<em>\u6838\u65b9\u6cd5<\/em>\uff08kernel method\uff09\u3001<em>\u51b3\u7b56\u6811<\/em>\uff08decision tree\uff09\u548c<em>\u56fe\u6a21\u578b<\/em>\uff08graph models\uff09\u7b49\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\uff09\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f18\u8d8a\u7684\u3002 \u4e0e\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6570\u5468\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>1.5. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/h2>\n<p>\u5927\u7ea62010\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7b97\u6cd5\u53d8\u5f97\u70ed\u95e8\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u70b9\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\uff1a \u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e3a\u6570\u4ebf\u5728\u7ebf\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u53d8\u5f97\u89e6\u624b\u53ef\u53ca\uff1b \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5ec9\u4ef7\u53c8\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u3001\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\uff08\u514b\u83b1\u5fb7\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ec9\u4ef7\u8ba1\u7b97\uff08\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662fGPU\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u4f7f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7b97\u529b\u553e\u624b\u53ef\u5f97\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728 <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_introduction\/index.html#tab-intro-decade\">\u88681.5.1<\/a> \u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">\u5e74\u4ee3<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">\u6570\u636e\u89c4\u6a21<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">\u5185\u5b58<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: right;\">\u6bcf\u79d2\u6d6e\u70b9\u8fd0\u7b97<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1970<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">100 \uff08\u9e22\u5c3e\u82b1\u5349\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 KB<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">100 KF (Intel 8080)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1980<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 K \uff08\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u623f\u4ef7\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">100 KB<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 MF (Intel 80186)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1990<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10 K \uff08\u5149\u5b66\u5b57\u7b26\u8bc6\u522b\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10 MB<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10 MF (Intel 80486)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10 M \uff08\u7f51\u9875\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">100 MB<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 GF (Intel Core)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2010<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">10 G \uff08\u5e7f\u544a\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 GB<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 TF (Nvidia C2050)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">2020<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 T \uff08\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">100 GB<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\">1 PF (Nvidia DGX-2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u968f\u673a\u5b58\u53d6\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u6ca1\u6709\u8ddf\u4e0a\u6570\u636e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\u3002 \u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7b97\u529b\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u6570\u636e\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u3002 \u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9ad8\u5185\u5b58\u6548\u7387\uff08\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6dfb\u52a0\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u9884\u7b97\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u82b1\u8d39\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u4f18\u5316\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u4ece\uff08\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\uff09\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u6838\u65b9\u6cd5\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e5f\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e2d\u6d41\u7825\u67f1\uff0c\u5982\u591a\u5c42\u611f\u77e5\u673a (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id106\">McCulloch and Pitts, 1943<\/a>) \u3001\u5377\u79ef\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id90\">LeCun <em>et al.<\/em>, 1998<\/a>) \u3001\u957f\u77ed\u671f\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7f51\u7edc (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id51\">Graves and Schmidhuber, 2005<\/a>) \u548cQ\u5b66\u4e60 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id179\">Watkins and Dayan, 1992<\/a>) \uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f11\u7720\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u88ab\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u5c31\u50cf\u5bd2\u6b66\u7eaa\u5927\u7206\u53d1\u2014\u2014\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7269\u79cd\u98de\u901f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5c06\u53ef\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u5de8\u5927\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff08\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u89e6\u53ca\u4e86\u76ae\u6bdb\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982<em>dropout<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id155\">Srivastava <em>et al.<\/em>, 2014<\/a>)\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u51cf\u8f7b\u8fc7\u62df\u5408\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u566a\u58f0\u6ce8\u5165 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id9\">Bishop, 1995<\/a>) \u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u8bad\u7ec3\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u6743\u91cd\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u673a\u5236\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u56f0\u6270\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u589e\u52a0\u53ef\u5b66\u4e60\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u589e\u52a0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53ef\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6307\u9488\u7ed3\u6784 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id6\">Bahdanau <em>et al.<\/em>, 2014<\/a>) \u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u5e8f\u5217\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7528\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8868\u793a\u4e2d\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u9700\u8981\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u6307\u5411\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u957f\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u5e8f\u5217\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u6574\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u9636\u6bb5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u7f51\u7edc (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id158\">Sukhbaatar <em>et al.<\/em>, 2015<\/a>) \u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f16\u7a0b\u5668-\u89e3\u91ca\u5668 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id136\">Reed and De Freitas, 2015<\/a>)\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5141\u8bb8\u7edf\u8ba1\u5efa\u6a21\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u7528\u4e8e\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u5141\u8bb8\u91cd\u590d\u4fee\u6539\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6267\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5982\u4f55\u4fee\u6539\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u6297\u7f51\u7edc (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id48\">Goodfellow <em>et al.<\/em>, 2014<\/a>) \u7684\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f30\u8ba1\u548c\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u627e\u5230\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\uff09\u548c\u62bd\u6837\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u56fa\u6709\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6297\u6027\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u7528\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u5fae\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u7b97\u6cd5\u4ee3\u66ff\u91c7\u6837\u5668\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9274\u522b\u5668\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u6837\u672c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u5047\u6570\u636e\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u610f\u7b97\u6cd5\u751f\u6210\u6570\u636e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u3002\u9a70\u9a8b\u7684\u6591\u9a6c (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id199\">Zhu <em>et al.<\/em>, 2017<\/a>) \u548c\u5047\u540d\u4eba\u8138 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id81\">Karras <em>et al.<\/em>, 2017<\/a>) \u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\u6d82\u9e26\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u63cf\u8ff0\u573a\u666f\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u8349\u56fe\u751f\u6210\u7167\u7247\u7ea7\u771f\u5b9e\u56fe\u50cf\uff08 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id120\">Park <em>et al.<\/em>, 2019<\/a>) \uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5355\u4e2aGPU\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u5e76\u884c\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8bad\u7ec3\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u4f38\u7f29\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u529b\u2014\u2014\u968f\u673a\u68af\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u9650\u5236\u4e86GPU\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57281024\u4e2aGPU\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6bcf\u627932\u4e2a\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u603b\u8ba1\u7ea632000\u4e2a\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u7531 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id91\">Li, 2017<\/a>) \u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u662f (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id192\">You <em>et al.<\/em>, 2017<\/a>) \u548c (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id79\">Jia <em>et al.<\/em>, 2018<\/a>) \uff0c\u5c06\u89c2\u5bdf\u5927\u5c0f\u63d0\u9ad8\u523064000\u4e2a\uff0c\u5c06ResNet-50\u6a21\u578b\u5728ImageNet\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u65f6\u95f4\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u4e0d\u52307\u5206\u949f\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u2014\u2014\u6700\u521d\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u6309\u5929\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5173\u952e\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u56f4\u68cb\u3001\u96c5\u8fbe\u91cc\u6e38\u620f\u3001\u661f\u9645\u4e89\u9738\u548c\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u62df\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528MuJoCo\uff09\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u4eba\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u6709\u5173\u5982\u4f55\u5728AlphaGo\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u5982 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id152\">Silver <em>et al.<\/em>, 2016<\/a>) \u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\uff08\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u52a8\u4f5c\u3001\u5956\u52b1\uff09\u4e09\u5143\u7ec4\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u5373\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u6325\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4eff\u771f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6761\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u6846\u67b6\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5141\u8bb8\u8f7b\u677e\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u6846\u67b6\u5305\u62ec<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/BVLC\/caffe\">Caffe<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/torch\">Torch<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Theano\/Theano\">Theano<\/a>\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u5199\u7684\u3002\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/tensorflow\/tensorflow\">TensorFlow<\/a>\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u9ad8\u7ea7API <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/keras-team\/keras\">Keras<\/a>\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Microsoft\/CNTK\">CNTK<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/caffe2\/caffe2\">Caffe 2<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/apache\/incubator-mxnet\">Apache MXNet<\/a>\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5f0f\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u7531<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/chainer\/chainer\">Chainer<\/a>\u7387\u5148\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8ePython NumPy\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u88ab<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/pytorch\">PyTorch<\/a>\u3001MXNet\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/apache\/incubator-mxnet\">Gluon API<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/google\/jax\">Jax<\/a>\u90fd\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5efa\u6a21\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u5927\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57282014\u5e74\uff0c\u5bf9\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u7ebf\u6027\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u578b\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u800c\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u53ea\u9700\u4e0d\u523010\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u8f7b\u6613\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>1.6. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6848\u4f8b<\/h2>\n<p>\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7ed3\u679c\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7740\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5149\u5b66\u5b57\u7b26\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u90ae\u4ef6\u5206\u62e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u90e8\u7f72\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u624b\u5199\u6570\u5b57MNIST\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u94f6\u884c\u5b58\u6b3e\u652f\u7968\u548c\u5bf9\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5206\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u68c0\u67e5\u91d1\u878d\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6b3a\u8bc8\u3002\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u652f\u67f1\uff0c\u5982PayPal\u3001Stripe\u3001\u652f\u4ed8\u5b9d\u3001\u5fae\u4fe1\u3001\u82f9\u679c\u3001Visa\u548c\u4e07\u4e8b\u8fbe\u5361\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u641c\u7d22\u3001\u63a8\u8350\u3001\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u548c\u6392\u540d\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u7ecf\u5e38\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u89c6\u7ebf\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u90fd\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u667a\u80fd\u52a9\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u82f9\u679c\u7684Siri\u3001\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u7684Alexa\u548c\u8c37\u6b4c\u52a9\u624b\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u76f8\u5f53\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u53e3\u5934\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u7410\u788e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6253\u5f00\u7535\u706f\u5f00\u5173\uff08\u5bf9\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e2a\u798f\u97f3\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u9884\u7ea6\u7406\u53d1\u5e08\u548c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7535\u8bdd\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u5b57\u52a9\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u51c6\u786e\u8bc6\u522b\u8bed\u97f3\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u9010\u6e10\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u540c\u7b49\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id190\">Xiong <em>et al.<\/em>, 2018<\/a>)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7269\u4f53\u8bc6\u522b\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u957f\u8db3\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4f30\u8ba1\u56fe\u7247\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u57282010\u5e74\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u76f8\u5f53\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5728ImageNet\u57fa\u51c6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6765\u81eaNEC\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u548c\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\u9999\u69df\u5206\u6821\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u83b7\u5f97\u4e8628%\u7684Top-5\u9519\u8bef\u7387 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id96\">Lin <em>et al.<\/em>, 2010<\/a>) \u3002\u52302017\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u964d\u4f4e\u52302.25% (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id72\">Hu <em>et al.<\/em>, 2018<\/a>) \u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u9274\u522b\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6216\u8bca\u65ad\u76ae\u80a4\u764c\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6e38\u620f\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u6167\u7684\u5821\u5792\u3002\u4eceTD-Gammon\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5dee\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e94\u5b50\u68cb\u6e38\u620f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7b97\u6cd5\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u4e0e\u4e94\u5b50\u68cb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u4e00\u7ec4\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u6df1\u84dd\u516c\u53f8\u5229\u7528\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5e76\u884c\u6027\u3001\u4e13\u7528\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u9ad8\u6548\u641c\u7d22\u6e38\u620f\u6811 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id19\">Campbell <em>et al.<\/em>, 2002<\/a>) \u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b(Garry Kasparov)\u3002\u56f4\u68cb\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u96be\u5ea6\u66f4\u5927\u3002AlphaGo\u57282015\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u68cb\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u8499\u7279\u5361\u6d1b\u6811\u62bd\u6837 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id152\">Silver <em>et al.<\/em>, 2016<\/a>) \u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u6251\u514b\u4e2d\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u724c\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6251\u514b\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e93\u56fe\u65af\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7b56\u7565\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8868\u73b0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id18\">Brown and Sandholm, 2017<\/a>) \u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6e38\u620f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4ee5\u53ca\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ff9\u8c61\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u5361\u8f66\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u89e6\u624b\u53ef\u53ca\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u7279\u65af\u62c9\uff08Tesla\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u4f1f\u8fbe\uff08NVIDIA\uff09\u548cWaymo\u7b49\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u81f3\u5c11\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002\u8ba9\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u5982\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9a7e\u9a76\u9700\u8981\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u5c06\u89c4\u5219\u7eb3\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89c6\u89c9\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u7531\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u91cf\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5217\u8868\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89e6\u53ca\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e4b\u5904\u7684\u76ae\u6bdb\u3002 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learning\uff09\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5bfb\u627e\u8868\u793a\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u591a\u7ea7\u8868\u793a\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8282\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u539f\u59cb\u97f3\u9891\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u50cf\u7d20\u503c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4efb\u610f\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4e0e\u5916\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u53e5\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4f18\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u591a\u5c42\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5904\u7406\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u6570\u636e\u3002 \u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u7aef\u5230\u7aef\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002 \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u57fa\u4e8e\u5355\u72ec\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7ec4\u88c5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u6574\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89c6\u89c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u5c06\u7279\u5f81\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u5efa\u7acb\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u5f00\u3002 Canny\u8fb9\u7f18\u68c0\u6d4b\u5668 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id20\">Canny, 1987<\/a>) \u548cSIFT\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u5668 (<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.d2l.ai\/chapter_references\/zreferences.html#id102\">Lowe, 2004<\/a>) 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