{"id":8820,"date":"2023-08-11T10:56:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-11T02:56:51","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=8820"},"modified":"2023-08-11T10:56:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T02:56:51","slug":"%e3%80%90%e5%b9%b2%e8%b4%a7%e3%80%91%e5%85%ab%e7%a7%8d%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8%e5%86%99%e6%b3%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/?p=8820","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u5e72\u8d27\u3011\u516b\u79cd\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5199\u6cd5"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u4e60 Python \u7684\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u5bf9 @<\/code> \u7b26\u53f7\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4f60\u6240\u77e5\uff0c @ \u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6\uff0c@\u7b26\u53f7\u540e\u9762\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\uff1a\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u9876\u5e3d\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\u6234\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5934\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u548c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u505a\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u5165\u5b83\u5934\u9876\u4e0a\u8fd9\u9876\u5e3d\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u9876\u5e3d\u5b50\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a \u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/code> \u3002<\/p>\n

1. Hello\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h2>\n

\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u56fa\u5b9a<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u5148\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff08\u5e3d\u5b50\uff09<\/li>\n
  • \u518d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f60\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u8005\u7c7b\uff08\u4eba\uff09<\/li>\n
  • \u6700\u540e\u628a\u8fd9\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff08\u5e3d\u5b50\uff09\u6263\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u5934\u4e0a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u5c31\u50cf\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50<\/p>\n

    def decorator(func):\n    def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n        return func()\n    return wrapper\n\n@decorator\ndef function():\n    print("hello, decorator")\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    function()<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7f16\u7801\u5fc5\u987b\u6027\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801<\/p>\n
      \n
    • \u66f4\u52a0\u4f18\u96c5\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u6670<\/li>\n
    • \u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4ee3\u7801\u5c01\u88c5\u6210\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u590d\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \u5173\u4e8e@\u7b26\u53f7\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n
      \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cdecorator<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570 wrapper<\/code>\u3002wrapper<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u5728\u6267\u884c\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e4b\u524d\u548c\u4e4b\u540e\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u901a\u8fc7 @decorator<\/code> \u5c06\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5e94\u7528\u5230 my_function<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u4e86 my_function = decorator(my_function)<\/code>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u8c03\u7528 my_function()<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684 wrapper<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6267\u884c my_function<\/code> \u524d\u540e\u6253\u5370\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c@<\/code> \u7b26\u53f7\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
      \u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
      def decorator(func):\n    def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n        return func()\n    return wrapper\n\n#@decorator\ndef function():\n    print("hello, decorator")\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    #function()\n    my_function = decorator(my_function)\n    my_function()<\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u7f16\u5199\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u53ca\u590d\u6742\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
      2. \u5165\u95e8\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7\u6253\u5370\u5668(\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5c42\u88c5\u9970)<\/h2>\n
      \u9996\u5148\u662f\u65e5\u5fd7\u6253\u5370\u5668<\/strong>\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n
        \n
      • \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7\u544a\u77e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n
      • \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u62cd\u62cd\u5c41\u80a1\u5c31\u8d70\u4eba\u4e86\uff0c\u54b1\u53ef\u662f\u6709\u793c\u8c8c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u518d\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7\u544a\u77e5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u5566\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        # \u8fd9\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53c2\u6570 func \u662f\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u7684\u51fd\u6570\ndef logger(func):\n    def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n        print('\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u51c6\u5907\u5f00\u59cb\u6267\u884c\uff1a{} \u51fd\u6570\u4e86:'.format(func.__name__))\n\n        # \u771f\u6b63\u6267\u884c\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u884c\u3002\n        func(*args, **kw)\n\n        print('\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u5566\u3002')\n    return wrapper<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u5047\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u51fd\u6570\u662f\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u5199\u597d\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u5b83\u5e26\u4e0a\u5e3d\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
        @logger\ndef add(x, y):\n    print('{} + {} = {}'.format(x, y, x+y))<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u7136\u540e\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e0b add \u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
        add(200, 50)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6765\u770b\u770b\u8f93\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n
        \u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u51c6\u5907\u5f00\u59cb\u6267\u884c\uff1aadd \u51fd\u6570\u4e86:\n200 + 50 = 250\n\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u5566\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n
        3. \u5165\u95e8\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668(\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u2014\u2014\u4e24\u5c42\u88c5\u9970)<\/h2>\n
        \u518d\u6765\u770b\u770b \u65f6\u95f4\u8ba1\u65f6\u5668<\/strong> \u5b9e\u73b0\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n
        # \u8fd9\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570\ndef timer(func):\n    def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n        t1=time.time()\n        # \u8fd9\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u771f\u6b63\u6267\u884c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\n        func(*args, **kw)\n        t2=time.time()\n\n        # \u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0b\u65f6\u957f\n        cost_time = t2-t1 \n        print("\u82b1\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a{}\u79d2".format(cost_time))\n    return wrapper<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u5047\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u8981\u7761\u772010\u79d2\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e5f\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u65f6\u957f\u5230\u5e95\u9760\u4e0d\u9760\u8c31\u3002<\/p>\n
        import time\n\n@timer\ndef want_sleep(sleep_time):\n    time.sleep(sleep_time)\n\nwant_sleep(10)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6765\u770b\u770b\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u9884\u671f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa10\u79d2\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u82b1\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a10.0073800086975098\u79d2<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u8fd8\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6b62\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6df1\u7a76\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd8\u5927\u6709\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\u5b66\u900f\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u56de\u8fc7\u5934\u53bb\u770b\u770b\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u6536\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u3002\u5176\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002\u4e0d\u4f20\u53c2\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u56fa\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u505a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u53c2\uff0c\u90a3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f88\u53d7\u9650\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u6267\u884c\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6267\u884c\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u573a\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u53c2\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8981\u5199\u4e24\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u65f6\u53d1\u9001\u90ae\u4ef6\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff08\u4e00\u5206\u949f\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u5c01\uff09\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff08\u4e00\u5929\u540c\u6b65\u4e00\u6b21\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a periodic_task \uff08\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1\uff09\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u95f4\u9694\u591a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u50cf\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u4ee3\u7801\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u8d34\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
        @periodic_task(spacing=60)\ndef send_mail():\n     pass\n\n@periodic_task(spacing=86400)\ndef ntp()\n    pass <\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f2a\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u91cc\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6307\u660e\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u524d\uff0c\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6bcd\u8bed\u6253\u4e00\u4e2a\u62db\u547c\u3002<\/p>\n
        # \u5c0f\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\n@say_hello("china")\ndef xiaoming():\n    pass\n\n# jack\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\n@say_hello("america")\ndef jack():\n    pass<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u8ba9\u5176\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0 \u4f20\u53c2<\/code> \u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
        \u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u3002<\/p>\n
        def say_hello(contry):\n    def wrapper(func):\n        def deco(*args, **kwargs):\n            if contry == "china":\n                print("\u4f60\u597d!")\n            elif contry == "america":\n                print('hello.')\n            else:\n                return\n\n            # \u771f\u6b63\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u65b9\n            func(*args, **kwargs)\n        return deco\n    return wrapper<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6765\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e0b<\/p>\n
        xiaoming()\nprint("------------")\njack()<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u770b\u770b\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4f60\u597d!\n------------\nhello.<\/code><\/pre>\n
        5. \u9ad8\u9636\uff1a\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h2>\n
        \u4ee5\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u522b\u4eba\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u65f6\u5e38\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd8\u6709\u57fa\u4e8e\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u57fa\u4e8e\u7c7b\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u73b0 __call__<\/code> \u548c __init__<\/code>\u4e24\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u3002 __init__<\/code> \uff1a\u63a5\u6536\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570 __call__<\/code> \uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u8fd8\u662f\u4ee5\u65e5\u5fd7\u6253\u5370\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e3a\u4f8b<\/p>\n
        class logger(object):\n    def __init__(self, func):\n        self.func = func\n\n    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        print("[INFO]: the function {func}() is running..."\\\n            .format(func=self.func.__name__))\n        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)\n\n@logger\ndef say(something):\n    print("say {}!".format(something))\n\nsay("hello")<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n
        [INFO]: the function say() is running...\nsay hello!<\/code><\/pre>\n
        *\u6ce8\uff1a<\/strong>\u5173\u4e8e__call__<\/code>:<\/p>\n
        \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c__call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5bf9\u8c61\u50cf\u51fd\u6570\u4e00\u6837\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0 __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5177\u5907\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\u660e __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n
        pythonCopy codeclass CallableClass:\n    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        print("Instance of CallableClass is called with arguments:", args)\n        print("Keyword arguments:", kwargs)\n\n# \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a CallableClass \u5b9e\u4f8b\ncallable_instance = CallableClass()\n\n# \u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528 __call__ \u65b9\u6cd5\ncallable_instance(1, 2, a=10, b=20)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0cCallableClass<\/code> \u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5f53\u60a8\u521b\u5efa CallableClass<\/code> \u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b callable_instance<\/code> \u5e76\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u8c03\u7528 __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5141\u8bb8\u60a8\u4f20\u9012\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570 *args<\/code> \u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570 **kwargs<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f53\u5185\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u60a8\u521b\u5efa\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6765\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u867d\u7136 __call__<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
        6. \u9ad8\u9636\uff1a\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h2>\n
        \u4e0a\u9762\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u6253\u5370INFO<\/code>\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6253\u5370DEBUG<\/code> WARNING<\/code>\u7b49\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002 \u8fd9\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7ed9\u7c7b\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u7ea7\u522b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
        __init__<\/code> \uff1a\u4e0d\u518d\u63a5\u6536\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a5\u6536\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u3002 __call__<\/code> \uff1a\u63a5\u6536\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n
        class logger(object):\n    def __init__(self, level='INFO'):\n        self.level = level\n\n    def __call__(self, func): # \u63a5\u53d7\u51fd\u6570\n        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n            print("[{level}]: the function {func}() is running..."\\\n                .format(level=self.level, func=func.__name__))\n            func(*args, **kwargs)\n        return wrapper  #\u8fd4\u56de\u51fd\u6570\n\n@logger(level='WARNING')\ndef say(something):\n    print("say {}!".format(something))\n\nsay("hello")<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6211\u4eec\u6307\u5b9aWARNING<\/code>\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u6765\u770b\u770b\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
        [WARNING]: the function say() is running...\nsay hello!<\/code><\/pre>\n
        7. \u4f7f\u7528\u504f\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h2>\n
        \u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u95ed\u5305\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5236\u9020\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cPython \u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff08 @decorator<\/code>\uff09\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\uff1adecorator \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53ef\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\uff08callable\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a callable \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u719f\u6089\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u9664\u51fd\u6570\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7c7b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f callable \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86__call__<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\uff08\u4e0a\u9762\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u4e86\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u8fd8\u6709\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u504f\u51fd\u6570\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f callable \u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c31\u6765\u8bf4\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 \u7c7b\u548c\u504f\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff0cDelayFunc \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 __call__<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\uff0cdelay \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u504f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc delay \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u6458\u81ea Python\u5de5\u5320\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u5c0f\u6280\u5de7\uff09<\/p>\n
        import time\nimport functools\n\nclass DelayFunc:\n    def __init__(self,  duration, func):\n        self.duration = duration\n        self.func = func\n\n    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        print(f'Wait for {self.duration} seconds...')\n        time.sleep(self.duration)\n        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)\n\n    def eager_call(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        print('Call without delay')\n        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)\n\ndef delay(duration):\n    """\n    \u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff1a\u63a8\u8fdf\u67d0\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6267\u884c\u3002\n    \u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b .eager_call \u65b9\u6cd5\u7acb\u5373\u6267\u884c\n    """\n    # \u6b64\u5904\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u5b9a\u4e49\u989d\u5916\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\n    # \u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 functools.partial \u5e2e\u52a9\u6784\u9020 DelayFunc \u5b9e\u4f8b\n    return functools.partial(DelayFunc, duration)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u51fd\u6570\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u52a0<\/p>\n
        @delay(duration=2)\ndef add(a, b):\n    return a+b<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n
        >>> add    # \u53ef\u89c1 add \u53d8\u6210\u4e86 Delay \u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\n<__main__.DelayFunc object at 0x107bd0be0>\n>>> \n>>> add(3,5)  # \u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165 __call__\nWait for 2 seconds...\n8\n>>> \n>>> add.func # \u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\n<function add at 0x107bef1e0><\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\uff0creturn functools.partial(DelayFunc, duration)<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u9012\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528functools.partial<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06DelayFunc<\/code>\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0eduration<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5f53\u4f7f\u7528@delay(duration=2)<\/code>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u88c5\u9970add<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8c03\u7528\u4e86delay(duration=2)(add)<\/code>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2ddelay(duration=2)<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\u7684DelayFunc<\/code>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u5c06add<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5728DelayFunc<\/code>\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0cself.func<\/code>\u88ab\u8d4b\u503c\u4e3a\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5373add<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u8c03\u7528add<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0cself.func(*args, **kwargs)<\/code>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u4e86add(*args, **kwargs)<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n
        8. \u5982\u4f55\u5199\u80fd\u88c5\u9970\u7c7b\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff1f<\/h2>\n
        \u7528 Python \u5199\u5355\u4f8b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4fbf\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7248\u7684\u5355\u4f8b\u5199\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
        instances = {}\n\ndef singleton(cls):\n    def get_instance(*args, **kw):\n        cls_name = cls.__name__\n        print('===== 1 ====')\n        if not cls_name in instances:\n            print('===== 2 ====')\n            instance = cls(*args, **kw)\n            instances[cls_name] = instance\n        return instances[cls_name]\n    return get_instance\n\n@singleton\nclass User:\n    _instance = None\n\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        print('===== 3 ====')\n        self.name = name<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7528singleton \u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u88c5\u9970 User \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u3002\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7528\u5728\u7c7b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u719f\u6089\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u7c7b\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u751f\u6210\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5176\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8c03\u8bd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
        \"img\"<\/p>\n
        9. wraps \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6709\u5565\u7528\uff1f<\/h2>\n
        \u5728 functools \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a wraps \u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u89c1\u8fc7\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u6709\u5565\u7528\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
        \u5148\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50<\/p>\n
        def wrapper(func):\n    def inner_function():\n        pass\n    return inner_function\n\n@wrapper\ndef wrapped():\n    pass\n\nprint(wrapped.__name__)\n#inner_function<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd4\u56de func<\/code> \u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n
        \u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8fb9\u6267\u884cfunc<\/code> \u548c\u4e0b\u8fb9 decorator(func)<\/code> \u662f\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9762 func.__name__<\/code> \u662f\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u4e0b\u9762decorator(func).__name__<\/code> \u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5f53\u7136\u540d\u5b57\u662f inner_function<\/code><\/p>\n
        def wrapper(func):\n    def inner_function():\n        pass\n    return inner_function\n\ndef wrapped():\n    pass\n\nprint(wrapper(wrapped).__name__)\n#inner_function<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u90a3\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff1f\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 functools .wraps \u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u5c06 \u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u51fd\u6570(wrapped)<\/strong> \u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9 \u4fee\u9970\u5668\u51fd\u6570(wrapper)<\/strong> \uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8ba9\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u663e\u793a\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n
        from functools import wraps\n\ndef wrapper(func):\n    @wraps(func)\n    def inner_function():\n        pass\n    return inner_function\n\n@wrapper\ndef wrapped():\n    pass\n\nprint(wrapped.__name__)\n# wrapped<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u51c6\u786e\u70b9\u8bf4\uff0cwraps \u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u504f\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08partial\uff09\uff0c\u6e90\u7801\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n
        def wraps(wrapped,\n          assigned = WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,\n          updated = WRAPPER_UPDATES):\n    return partial(update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped,\n                   assigned=assigned, updated=updated)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230wraps\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570update_wrapper<\/code>\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u539f\u7406\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6539\u5199\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528 wraps\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9 wrapped.__name__<\/code> \u6253\u5370\u51fa wrapped\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
        from functools import update_wrapper\n\nWRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS = ('__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__',\n                       '__annotations__')\n\ndef wrapper(func):\n    def inner_function():\n        pass\n\n    update_wrapper(inner_function, func, assigned=WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS)\n    return inner_function\n\n@wrapper\ndef wrapped():\n    pass\n\nprint(wrapped.__name__)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        10. \u5185\u7f6e\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff1aproperty<\/h2>\n
        \u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5176\u5b9ePython\u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002\u6bd4\u5982property<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5185\u5efa\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u719f\u6089\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u51fd\u6570return\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u901a\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684<\/p>\n
        class Student(object):\n    def __init__(self, name, age=None):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\n# \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\nxiaoming = Student("\u5c0f\u660e")\n\n# \u6dfb\u52a0\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.age=25\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.age\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u5c5e\u6027\ndel xiaoming.age<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u4f46\u662f\u7a0d\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5c5e\u6027\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5199\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\u505a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n
        class Student(object):\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n        self.name = None\n\n    def set_age(self, age):\n        if not isinstance(age, int):\n            raise ValueError('\u8f93\u5165\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e74\u9f84\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u6570\u503c!')\n        if not 0 < age < 100:\n            raise ValueError('\u8f93\u5165\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e74\u9f84\u8303\u56f4\u5fc5\u987b0-100')\n        self._age=age\n\n    def get_age(self):\n        return self._age\n\n    def del_age(self):\n        self._age = None\n\nxiaoming = Student("\u5c0f\u660e")\n\n# \u6dfb\u52a0\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.set_age(25)\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.get_age()\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.del_age()<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u8bbe\u8ba1\u867d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd8\u662f\u8d4b\u503c\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\uff09\u90fd\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5e73\u65f6\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002 \u6309\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u7ef4\u4e60\u60ef\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
        # \u8d4b\u503c\nxiaoming.age = 25\n\n# \u83b7\u53d6\nxiaoming.age<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u5462\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n
        class Student(object):\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n        self.name = None\n\n    @property\n    def age(self):\n        return self._age\n\n    @age.setter\n    def age(self, value):\n        if not isinstance(value, int):\n            raise ValueError('\u8f93\u5165\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e74\u9f84\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u6570\u503c!')\n        if not 0 < value < 100:\n            raise ValueError('\u8f93\u5165\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e74\u9f84\u8303\u56f4\u5fc5\u987b0-100')\n        self._age=value\n\n    @age.deleter\n    def age(self):\n        del self._age\n\nxiaoming = Student("\u5c0f\u660e")\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.age = 25\n\n# \u67e5\u8be2\u5c5e\u6027\nxiaoming.age\n\n# \u5220\u9664\u5c5e\u6027\ndel xiaoming.age<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u7528@property<\/code>\u88c5\u9970\u8fc7\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u51fd\u6570return\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u540c\u65f6<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u53d8\u6210\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u540e\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684@age.setter<\/code>\u548c@age.deleter<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n
        @age.setter<\/code> \u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528XiaoMing.age = 25<\/code>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f4\u63a5\u8d4b\u503c\u3002 @age.deleter<\/code> \u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528del XiaoMing.age<\/code>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5220\u9664\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
        property \u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236\u662f\u300c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u300d\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u6211\u8fd8\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u5427\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u770b\u4f3c\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u90e8\u4e32\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 property \u5c06 math \u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n
        class Student:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    @property\n    def math(self):\n        return self._math\n\n    @math.setter\n    def math(self, value):\n        if 0 <= value <= 100:\n            self._math = value\n        else:\n            raise ValueError("Valid value must be in [0, 100]")<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4 property \u5e95\u5c42\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7 PyCharm \u70b9\u51fb\u8fdb\u5165 property \u7684\u6e90\u7801\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u60dc\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6587\u6863\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4f2a\u6e90\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4efd\u4f2a\u6e90\u7801\u7684\u9b54\u6cd5\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u6784\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u4f53\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u4eff\u5176\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u300c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u534f\u8bae\u300d\u6765\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b property<\/code> \u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
        class TestProperty(object):\n\n    def __init__(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None):\n        self.fget = fget\n        self.fset = fset\n        self.fdel = fdel\n        self.__doc__ = doc\n\n    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):\n        print("in __get__")\n        if obj is None:\n            return self\n        if self.fget is None:\n            raise AttributeError\n        return self.fget(obj)\n\n    def __set__(self, obj, value):\n        print("in __set__")\n        if self.fset is None:\n            raise AttributeError\n        self.fset(obj, value)\n\n    def __delete__(self, obj):\n        print("in __delete__")\n        if self.fdel is None:\n            raise AttributeError\n        self.fdel(obj)\n\n    def getter(self, fget):\n        print("in getter")\n        return type(self)(fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__)\n\n    def setter(self, fset):\n        print("in setter")\n        return type(self)(self.fget, fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__)\n\n    def deleter(self, fdel):\n        print("in deleter")\n        return type(self)(self.fget, self.fset, fdel, self.__doc__)<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u7136\u540e Student \u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u76f8\u5e94\u6539\u6210\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n
        class Student:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    # \u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u91cc\u6539\u53d8\n    @TestProperty\n    def math(self):\n        return self._math\n\n    @math.setter\n    def math(self, value):\n        if 0 <= value <= 100:\n            self._math = value\n        else:\n            raise ValueError("Valid value must be in [0, 100]")<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \u4e3a\u4e86\u5c3d\u91cf\u8ba9\u4f60\u5c11\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u70b9\u7591\u60d1\uff0c\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u505a\u4e24\u70b9\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n
          \n
        1. \u4f7f\u7528TestProperty<\/code>\u88c5\u9970\u540e\uff0cmath<\/code> \u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u662fTestProperty<\/code> \u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2amath\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 math.setter<\/code> \u6765\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u8c03\u7528TestProperty.setter<\/code> \u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 TestProperty<\/code> \u5b9e\u4f8b\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2amath<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n
        2. \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a math<\/code> \u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a math<\/code> \u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c TestProperty<\/code> \u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7c7b\uff08TestProperty\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u5bf9 math \u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d4b\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165 TestProperty.__set__<\/code>\uff0c\u5f53\u5bf9math \u8fdb\u884c\u53d6\u503c\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165 TestProperty.__get__<\/code>\u3002\u4ed4\u7ec6\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6700\u7ec8\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u8fd8\u662fStudent\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684 _math<\/code> \u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \u8bf4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u76f4\u89c2\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
          # \u8fd0\u884c\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6253\u5370\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316 TestProperty \u5e76\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2amath\nin setter\n>>>\n>>> s1.math = 90\nin __set__\n>>> s1.math\nin __get__\n90<\/code><\/pre>\n
          \u5982\u5bf9\u4e0a\u9762\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u8bf7\u52a1\u5fc5\u7ed3\u5408\u4e0a\u9762\u4e24\u70b9\u8bf4\u660e\u52a0\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e24\u70b9\u76f8\u5f53\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n
          11. \u5176\u4ed6\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff1a\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5b9e\u6218<\/h2>\n
          \u8bfb\u5b8c\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662fPython\u9ad8\u624b\u4e86\u3002\u522b\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u81ea\u4fe1\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7528\u6cd5\u5462\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5982\u4e0b\u76ee\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n
            \n
          • \u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u903c\u683c\u66f4\u9ad8\uff1b<\/li>\n
          • \u4ee3\u7801\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5197\u4f59\u5ea6\u66f4\u4f4e\uff1b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \u521a\u597d\u6211\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6682\u4e14\u653e\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\u63a7\u5236\u51fd\u6570\u8fd0\u884c\u8d85\u65f6\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u8d85\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n
            \u6709\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n
            import signal\n\nclass TimeoutException(Exception):\n    def __init__(self, error='Timeout waiting for response from Cloud'):\n        Exception.__init__(self, error)\n\ndef timeout_limit(timeout_time):\n    def wraps(func):\n        def handler(signum, frame):\n            raise TimeoutException()\n\n        def deco(*args, **kwargs):\n            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)\n            signal.alarm(timeout_time)\n            func(*args, **kwargs)\n            signal.alarm(0)\n        return deco\n    return wraps<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
            \u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u4e60 Python \u7684\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u5bf9 @ \u7b26\u53f7\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4f60\u6240\u77e5\uff0c @ \u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6\uff0c@\u7b26\u53f7\u540e\u9762\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u6587   \u2026 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[34],"tags":[188,16,187],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8820"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8820"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8820\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8821,"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8820\/revisions\/8821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8820"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8820"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}